2023年托福答案21篇（精选文档）

时间：2023-09-04 12:18:02 来源：网友投稿

托福答案第1篇Question1of14Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingistrueofthewhite-taileddeerofPugetSound下面是小编为大家整理的托福答案21篇,供大家参考。

托福答案21篇

托福答案第1篇

Question 1 of 14

According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?

It is native to lowlands and

It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of

It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open

It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once

Question 2 of 14

It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions

cause some deer to hibernate

make food unavailable in the highlands for deer

make it easier for deer to locate understory plants

prevent deer from migrating during the winter

Question 3 of 14

The word "inhibits " in the passage is closest in meaning to

consists of

combines

restricts

establishes

Question 4 of 14

The phrase "in the same breath " in the passage is closest in meaning to

impatiently

humorously

continuously

immediately

Question 5 of 14

The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?

The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over

Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting

There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the

Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading

Question 6 of 14

According to paragraph 3, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David Douglas returned in 1832?

The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson"s Bay

Deer had begun populating the meadows around the

Deer populations near the fort had been

Crop yields in the area around the fort had

Question 7 of 14

Why does the author ask readers to recall “the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer ” in the discussion of changes in the wilderness landscape?

To provide support for the idea that habitat destruction would lead to population decline

To compare how two species of deer caused biotic changes in the wilderness environment

To provide an example of a species of deer that has successfully adapted to human settlement

To argue that some deer species must be given a protected status

Question 8 of 14

The phrase “indefinite period ” in the passage is closest in meaning to period

whose end has not been determined

that does not begin when expected

that lasts only briefly

whose importance remains unknown

Question 9 of 14

Which of the following statements about deer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?

Deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and then began to

The activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later

The cleaning of wilderness land for construction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer population has never

Since the 1940s the winter populations of deer have fluctuated more than the summer populations

Question 10 of 14

The word “rebound ” in the passage is closest in meaning to

decline

recovery

exchange

movement

Question 11 of 14

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential

Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable

Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better

Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to

According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific

Question 12 of 14

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a factor that has increased deer populations?

A reduction in the number of predators

Restrictions on hunting

The effects of logging and fire

Laws that protected feeding grounds of deer

Question 13 of 14

Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the Where would the sentence best fit?There food is available and accessible throughout the

Question 14 of 14

Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2 Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a wide variety of foods and migrate seasonally to find

balance of deer species in the Puget Sound region has changed over time, with the Columbian white-tailed deer now outnumbering other types of

populations naturally fluctuate, but early settlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in the deer populations of the areas at that

the long term, black-tailed deer in the Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through the elimination of their natural predators, and more and better food in deforested

Puget Sound deer migrate, it was and still remains difficult to determine accurately how many deer are living at any one time in the western United

it was believed that human settlement of the American West would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of

biologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may create nutritional deficiencies for

托福答案第2篇

词汇

从某种意义上来讲，词汇量的大小是TOEFL阅读理解高分的基础和关键。如果词汇量没有达到基本要求(五千以上)，纵然你有"葵花宝典"在手，也只能命丧ETS的"毒招"之下。所以，以牺牲词汇量为代价的技巧练习简直是一味巨毒无比的“五毒散”。

通过练习使学生养成高效的阅读方法--即所谓的阅读技巧

TOEFL的阅读量非常大，一般的中国考生根本无法把文章全部读完，所谓的"扫读法"、"跳读法"和"略读法"也只能适用于少数类型的文章，根本不能解决本质问题。那么，文章到底应该怎么读法呢?一句话，主动地阅读文章的关键部位。所谓主动是指不能象一般的阅读那样完全被动地接受信息，而应该不断的进行思考和预测;所谓关键部位，主要是每一段的开头和结尾部分。由于TOEFL的阅读理解文章全部选自于正式出版物，文章的逻辑结构非常完整和严谨，而且出现的逻辑模式也是屈指可数。经过系统的训练，考生的预测可以做到非常准确的程度。这样，通过阅读文章的几处关键部位，就能很快地把握整个文章的结构和内在的逻辑关系，也就解决了问题的70%。

解题训练

排除法恐怕是一直以来大多数学生在解阅读理题目时使用最多的方法。事实上，这种方法具有致命的缺点：干扰大、费时间。更有效和迅速的办法是读完题干之后，就在脑子反映出一个模糊的或者是不完整的答案，然后直接在选项中寻找接近的答案进行判断。这种能力必须在平时的训练和讲解中逐渐养成和加强，决非什么技巧之类的东西可以替代。

托福答案第3篇

The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century were marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau style, characterized by sinuous lines, floral and vegetable motifs, and soft evanescent The Art Nouveau style was an eclectic one, bringing together elements of Japanese art, motifs of ancient cultures, and natural The glass objects of this style were elegant in outline, although often deliberately distorted, with pale or iridescent A favored device of the style was to imitate the iridescent surface seen on ancient glass that had been Much of the Art Nouveau glass produced during the years of its greatest popularity had been generically termed "art " Art glass was intended for decorative purposes and relied for its effect upon carefully chosen color combinations and innovative

France produced a number of outstanding exponents of the Art Nouveau style; among the most celebrated was Emile Galle (1846-1904). In the United States, Louis Comfort Tiffany (1843-1933) was the most noted exponent of this style, producing a great variety of glass forms and surfaces, which were widely copied in their time and are highly prized Tiffany was a brilliant designer, successfully combining ancient Egyptian, Japanese, and Persian

The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 until 1915, although its influence continued throughout the mid-1920" It was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since the turn of the At first restricted to a small avant-garde group of architects and designers, Functionalism emerged as the dominant influence upon designers after the First World The basic tenet of the movement — that function should determine form — was not a new Soon a distinct aesthetic code evolved: form should be simple, surfaces plain, and any ornament should be based on geometric This new design concept, coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the styles and conventions of the preceding decades, created an entirely new public taste which caused Art Nouveau types of glass to fall out of The new taste demanded dramatic effects of contrast, stark outline and complex textural

托福答案第4篇

第一，托福阅读：词汇量是要害。

各位如果觉得托福阅读考试很难的话，请你必定要肯拿出时间来背单词。磨刀不误砍柴工，这句话一点都不假。即使你用一周时间，能把80%的单词都记住，那也是很值得的。

第二，托福阅读的做题次序。

现在还有人问，先看疑问再读文章，又说自己不习惯等等。其实，这个喜好在你自己。假设你觉得“先看疑问再读文章，并且找到答案就间断，再读下一个疑问”这样很习惯，那就坚持下去。如果你觉得全部文章读完再做心里踏实，那就读完好了。

第一题，一般都是主旨题。先不管。从第二题开始，看疑问，然后看是读第一段。不管有没有找到答案，把这一段读完再停。这样，如果词基本知道，语句结构比较清楚的话，答案差不多就出来了。接下来仍是这样，即使那一段很长，我也是读完一整段再做题。

可是这里要着重一下。如果你的托福阅读程度不是特别高的话，当你读完一段，有些疑问的答案你可能已经知道了，可是仍需要定位到原文，再看一遍。看看问题问的是不是的确是你得出的答案等等。总归一句话，托福阅读的答案都是从文章里来的，假设和文章对立了或者文章没有这些说法，那就必定不是准确答案!

第三，托福阅读解题技巧。

遇到不确定的问题，先从原文找到定位，然后把确定不对的选项排除。就算是瞎蒙，50%也比25%好。这个也是做主旨题的一贯准则。等你把文章通篇都读完了，再回过头看这个选项的时候，不准确的说法就可以排除了(如果你是最后做主旨题的话，一定不要忘了，还有一道题!)

推荐托福阅读中使用限时练习，把做过的阅读里出现的单词题的准确选项都摘录下来，尽管重复的几率不大，可是有些词是常常出现的。

托福阅读经典加试: 生物适应性试题及答案相关

托福答案第5篇

阅读经典加试 4Title: 生物适应性

概述：主要介绍了沙漠中的动植物是如何适应极端环境的。首先说了沙漠最大的问题就是缺水，如何适应这种缺水环境就是各种动植物存活的关键。然后说了植物是如何适应缺水环境的：有些是周期性植物，只在湿度较高时才生长;常年生长的植物采取另一些办法，例如，叶子表面产生一层蜡质，减少水分蒸发;有些叶子成了刺;有些的根系特别发达;等等。然后，另起一段将动物是如何适应的：产生高盐度的尿液，调整呼吸，等等。随后，还对比了在沙漠和在极地生活的同一种动物的异同。

托福答案第6篇

What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The influence of ice on the diet

(B) The development of refrigeration

(D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century

According to the passage , when did the word "icebox" become part of the language of the United States?

(A) in 1803

(B) sometime before 1850

(D) near the end of the nineteenth century

The phrase "forward-looking" in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) progressive

(B) popular

(D) well-established

The author mentions fish in line 4 because

(A) many fish dealers also sold ice

(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars

(D) fish was not part of the ordinary person"s diet before the invention of the icebox

The word "it" in line 5 refers to

(A) fresh meat

(B) the Civil War

(D) a refrigerator

According to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox?

(A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars

(B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice

(D) Inadequate understanding of physics

The word "rudimentary" in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) growing

(B) undeveloped

(D) uninteresting

According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would

(A) completely prevent ice from melting

(B) stop air from circulating

(D) use blankets to conserve ice

The author describes Thomas Moore as having been "on the right track" (lines 18-19) to indicate that

(A) the road to the market passed close to Moore"s farm

(B) Moore was an honest merchant

(D) Moore"s design was fairly successful

According to the passage , Moore"s icebox allowed him to

(A) charge more for his butter

(B) travel to market at night

(D) produce ice all year round

The "produce" mentioned in line 25 could include

(A) iceboxes

(B) butter

(D) markets

托福答案第7篇

第一，词汇

从某种意义上来讲，词汇量的大小是TOEFL阅读理解高分的基础和关键。如果词汇量没有达到基本要求(五千以上)，纵然你有"葵花宝典"在手，也只能命丧ETS的“毒招”之下。所以，以牺牲词汇量为代价的技巧练习简直是一味巨毒无比的“五毒散”。

第二，通过练习使学生养成高效的阅读方法--即所谓的阅读技巧

TOEFL的阅读量非常大，一般的中国考生根本无法把文章全部读完，所谓的“扫读法”、“跳读法”和“略读法”也只能适用于少数类型的文章，根本不能解决本质问题。那么，文章到底应该怎么读法呢?一句话，主动地阅读文章的关键部位。所谓主动是指不能象一般的阅读那样完全被动地接受信息，而应该不断的进行思考和预测;所谓关键部位，主要是每一段的开头和结尾部分。由于TOEFL的阅读理解文章全部选自于正式出版物，文章的逻辑结构非常完整和严谨，而且出现的逻辑模式也是屈指可数。经过系统的训练，考生的预测可以做到非常准确的程度。这样，通过阅读文章的几处关键部位，就能很快地把握整个文章的结构和内在的逻辑关系，也就解决了问题的70%。

第三，解题训练

托福阅读经典加试 Title: Sumerian Civilization 试题及答案相关

托福答案第8篇

The mineral particles found in soil range in size from microscopic clay particles to large The most abundant particles — sand, silt, and clay — are the focus of examination in studies of soil Texture is the term used to describe the composite sizes of particles in a soil sample, typically several representative

To measure soil texture, the sand, silt, and clay particles are sorted out by size and The weights of each size are then expressed as a percentage of the sample In the field, soil texture can be estimated by extracting a handful of soil and squeezing the damp soil into three basic shapes; (1) cast, a lump formed by squeezing a sample in a clenched fist; (2) thread, a pencil shape formed by rolling soil between the palms; and (3) ribbon, a flatfish shape formed by squeezing a small sample between the thumb and index The behavioral characteristics of the soil when molded into each of these shapes, if they can be formed at all, provide the basis for a general textural The behavior of the soil in the hand test is determined by the amount of clay in the Clay particles are highly cohesive, and when dampened, behave as a Therefore the higher the clay content in a sample, the more refined and durable the shapes into which it can be

Another method of determining soil texture involves the use of devices called sediment sieves, screens built with a specified mesh When the soil is filtered through a group of sieves, each with a different mesh size, the particles become grouped in corresponding size Each category can be weighed to make a textural Although sieves work well for silt, sand, and larger particles, they are not appropriate for clay Clay is far too small to sieve accurately; therefore, in soils with a high proportion of clay, the fine particles are measured on the basis of their settling velocity when suspended in Since clays settle so slowly, they are easily segregated from sand and The water can be drawn off and evaporated, leaving a residue of clay, which can be

What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Characteristics of high quality soil

(B) Particles typically found in most soils

(D) Ways to determine the texture of soil

The author mentions "several representative handfuls" in line 4 in order to show

(A) the range of soil samples

(B) the process by which soil is weighed

(D) how small soil particles are weighted

The phrase "sorted out" in line 5 is closest in meaning to

(A) mixed

(B) replaced

(D) separated

It can be inferred that the names of the three basic shapes mentioned in paragraph 2 reflect

(A) the way the soil is extracted

(B) the results of squeezing the soil

(D) the difficulty of forming different shapes

The word "dampened" in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(A) damaged

(B) stretched

(D) examined

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about a soil sample with little or no clay in it?

(A) It is not very

(B) It may not hold its shape when

(D) Its texture cannot be classified

The word "they" in line 21 refers to

(A) categories

(B) sieves

(D) clay particles

It can be inferred from the passage that the sediment sieve has an advantage over the hand test in determining soil texture because

(A) using the sieve takes less time

(B) the sieve can measure clay

(D) the sieve allows for a more exact measure

During the procedure described in paragraph 3, when clay particles are placed into water they

(A) stick to the sides of the water container

(B) take some time to sink to the bottom

(D) dissolve quickly

The word "fine" in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) tiny

(B) many

(D) various

All of the following words are defined in the passage EXCEPT

(A) texture (line 3)

(B) ribbon (line 10)

(D) evaporated (line 25)

正确答案：DADBC BBDBA D

托福答案第9篇

Any rock that has cooled and solidified from a molten state is an igneous Therefore, if the Earth began as a superheated sphere in space, all the rocks making up its crust may well have been igneous and thus the ancestors of all other Even today, approximately 95 percent of the entire crust is Periodically, molten material wells out of the Earth"s interior to invade the surface layers or to flow onto the surface This material cools into a wide variety of igneous In the molten state, it is called magma as it pushes into the crust and lava when it runs out onto the

All magma consists basically of a variety of silicate minerals (high in silicon-oxygen compounds), but the chemical composition of any given flow may differ radically from that of any The resulting igneous rocks will reflect these Igneous rocks also vary in texture as well as Granite, for instance, is a coarse-grained igneous rock whose individual mineral crystals have formed to a size easily seen by the naked A slow rate of cooling has allowed the crystals to reach this Normally, slow cooling occurs when the crust is invaded by magma that remains buried well below the Granite may be found on the surface of the contemporary landscape, but from its coarse texture we know that it must have formed through slow cooling at a great depth and later been laid bare by Igneous rocks with this coarse-grained texture that formed at depth are called

On the other hand, if the same magma flows onto the surface and is quickly cooled by the atmosphere, the resulting rock will be fine-grained and appear quite different from granite, although the chemical composition will be This kind of rock is called The most finely grained igneous rock is volcanic glass or obsidian, which has no Some researchers believe this is because of rapid cooling; others believe it is because of a lack of water vapor and other gases in the The black obsidian cliffs of Yellowstone National Park are the result of a lava flow of basalt running head on into a Some of the glacier melted on contact, but suddenly there also appeared a huge black mass of glassy

托福答案第10篇

Because the low latitudes of the Earth, the areas near the equator, receive more heat than the latitudes near the poles, and because the nature of heat is to expand and move, heat is transported from the tropics to the middle and high Some of this heat is moved by winds and some by ocean currents, and some gets stored in the atmosphere in the form of latent The term latent heat refers to the energy that has to be used to convert liquid water to water We know that if we warm a pan of water on a stove, it will evaporate, or turn into vapor, faster than if it is allowed to sit at room We also know that if we hang wet clothes outside in the summertime they will dry faster than in winter, when temperatures are The energy used in both cases to change liquid water to water vapor is supplied by heat — supplied by the stove in the first case and by the Sun in the latter This energy is not It is stored in water vapor in the atmosphere as latent Eventually, the water stored as vapor in the atmosphere will condense to liquid again, and the energy will be released to the

In the atmosphere, a large portion of the Sun"s incoming energy is used to evaporate water, primarily in the tropical Scientists have tried to quantify this proportion of the Sun"s By analyzing temperature, water vapor, and wind data around the globe, they have estimated the quantity to be about 90 watts per square meter, or nearly 30 percent of the Sun"s Once this latent heat is stored within the atmosphere, it can be transported, primarily to higher latitudes, by prevailing, large-scale Or it can be transported vertically to higher levels in the atmosphere, where it forms clouds and subsequent storms, which then release the energy back to the

The passage mainly discusses how heat

(A) is transformed and transported in the Earth"s atmosphere

(B) is transported by ocean currents

(D) moves about the Earth"s equator

The passage mentions that the tropics differ from the Earth"s polar regions in which of the

following ways?

(A) The height of cloud formation in the

(B) The amount of heat they receive from the

(D) The strength of their oceanic

The word convert in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) mix

(B) change

(D) reduce

Why does the author mention the stove in line 10?

(A) To describe the heat of the

(B) To illustrate how water vapor is

(D) To give an example of a heat

According to the passage , most ocean water evaporation occurs especially

(A) around the higher latitudes

(B) in the tropics

(D) because of strong ocean currents

According to the passage , 30 percent of the Sun"s incoming energy

(A) is stored in clouds in the lower latitudes

(B) is transported by ocean currents

(D) gets stored as latent heat

The word it in line 18 refers to

(A) square meter

(B) the Sun"s energy

(D) the atmosphere

The word primarily in the line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) chiefly

(B) originally

(D) clearly

The word prevailing in line 19 is closest in meaning to

(A) essential

(B) dominant

(D) closest

All of the following words are defined in the passage EXCEPT

(A) low latitudes(line 1)

(B) latent heat (line 5)

(D) atmosphere (line 14)

PASSAGE 87 ABBDB DCABD

托福阅读真题精选相关

托福答案第11篇

The McMillan Plan

As the city approached its centennial; there was a call to develop a comprehensive park system for the As early as 1898, a committee was formed to meet with President William McKinley to propose the erection of a monument to commemorate the centennial of the A joint committee formed by Congress held its first meeting in February 1900 with Senator James McMillan of Michigan as chairman, and Charles Moore as At the same time, plans were put forward for the development of a Mall which would include the newly reclaimed Potomac As the bureaucracy planned for the centennial, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) joined the AIA leaders envisioned the nation"s capital as the perfect place for the group to express the ideals of the City Beautiful movement promoted by the 1893 World"s Columbian Exposition in The architect of this pivotal fair designed Beaux Arts Classical architecture in a grand and ordered civic

When the Senate Commission was formed in 1901 to explore and plan the design of the city, the project then encompassed the historic The illustrious committee was comprised of Daniel Burnham, a visionary of the World"s Columbian Exposition, as well as landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, , architect Charles , and sculptor Augustus

Foremost in the minds of these men was the amazing foresight and genius of Pierre L" The committee lamented the fragmented Mall marred by a railroad station and focused upon restoring it to the uninterrupted greensward envisioned by L" In total, the forward-looking plans made by the McMillan Commission called for: re-landscaping the ceremonial core, consisting of the Capitol Grounds and Mall, including new extensions west and south of the Washington Monument; consolidating city railways and alleviating at-grade crossings; clearing slums; designing a coordinated municipal office complex in the triangle formed by Pennsylvanian Avenue, 15th Street, and the Mall, and establishing a comprehensive recreation and park system that would preserve the ring of Civil War fortifications around the

To protect the new goals introduced by the McMillan study, the AIA appealed to President Theodore Roosevelt to form a fine arts Established by Congress in 1910 during the Taft Administration, the Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) was created as a consulting organization to the government on the design of bridges, parks, paintings, and other artistic matters; an executive order later that year added the design review of all public

Influenced by the designs of several European cities and 18th century gardens such as France"s Palace of Versailles, the plan of Washington, DC was symbolic and innovative for the new Only limited changes were made to the historic city-bounded by Florida Avenue on the north and the waterways on the east, west and south-until after the Civil The foremost manipulation of L’Enfant plan began in the 19th century, and was codified in 1901 when the McMillan Commission directed urban improvements that resulted in the most elegant example of City Beautiful tenets in the L’Enfant plan was magnified and expanded during the early decades of the 20th century with the reclamation of land for waterfront parks, parkways, an improved Mall and new monuments and Two hundred years since its design, the integrity of the plan of Washington is largely unimpaired-boasting a legal enforced height restriction, landscaped parks, wide avenues, and open space allowing intended Constant vigilance is needed by the agencies responsible for design review, it their charge to continue the vision of L"

托福答案第12篇

定语从句

托福阅读读完主句主语后，如果发现有定语从句的引导词that，which，who等，一定要跳过第一个或并列的几个带有时态的动词(定语从句的谓语动词)，直接寻找第二个带有或并列的几个带有时态的动词(主语的谓语动词)，并将从定语从句的引导词至第二个带有时态的动词之间的部分用括号括起来，括号中的这部分就是修饰主语主语的定语从句。这类句子的阅读解步骤与前面提到的托福阅读文章中的两类句子基本一致。

例子：

The Ediacara fossil formation, which contains the oldest known animal fossils, consists exclusively of soft-bodied

分析：主语The Ediacara fossil formation，which contains the oldest known animal fossils非现在性定语从句作插入，谓语consists exclusively of ，宾语soft-bodied forms。

定语从句先不读，读完句子主干之后再读。

下面我们按照上述步骤来理解这句话。

①读句子主干：主语(The Ediacara fossil formation)→谓语(consists exclusively of)→宾语(soft-bodied forms)

翻译：E化石形势只包含了软体动物，

②读主语的定语从句：which contains the oldest known animal fossils

翻译：包含了已知的最古老的动物化石

整个句子的意思就是：E化石形成，它包含了已知的最古老的动物化石，只包含了软体动物。

后置分词

有些长难句中，主语和谓语之间夹杂着一个修饰主语的后置分词结构，包括现在分词结构和过去分词结构两种。后置的现在分词结构比较容易辨识，在阅读句子时，可以将现在分词与谓语动词之间的部分用括号括起来，先读句子的主干，再读括号中的部分。后置的过去分词结构是个难题，不少人容易将过去分词错当成主句谓语动词的过去式。为了避免这种错误，在读长难句的时候需要分析主语与动词之间是主动关系还是被动关系。如果主语与动词之间是被动关系，而该动词前面没有表示被动关系的be动词，那么这个词就是主语的后置过去分词，而不是句子的谓语。将这部分用括号括起来即可，对于托福阅读试题解答就很有帮助了。读句子步骤如上。

Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine

分析：主语Petroleum，consisting of crude oil and natural gas后置定语做插入，seems to originate from谓语， organic matter宾语，in marine sediment地点状语。

下面我们按照上述步骤来理解这句话。

①读句子主干：主语(Petroleum)→谓语(seems to originate from)→宾语(organic matter)

翻译：石油看似来自于有机物。

②读主语的后置分词修饰成分(consisting of crude oil and natural gas)

翻译：包含了原油和天然气。

③读句子的其他修饰成分(in marine sediment)

翻译：在海洋沉淀里。

整个句子的意思就是：包含原油和天然气的石油看似来自于海洋沉淀里的有机物质。

托福答案第13篇

Deer Populations of the Puget Sound

Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia

Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer"s Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or But this is fair-weather What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensationfor not hibernating is the built-in urge to Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal

The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson"s Bay Company, deer populations continued to David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the

Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and No doubt the numbers of deer declined still Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite "

The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of But the most profoundreason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in

托福答案第14篇

The word “status” in thepassage(Paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to

importance

to paragraph 2, which of thefollowing is true of Chinese ceramics?

The function of ceramics remained thesame from dynasty to

use of ceramics as trade objects isbetter documented than the use of ceramics as ritual

There was little variation in qualityfor any type of ceramics over

religious sculptures were made usingthe earthenware type of

word “evolve” in the passage(Paragraph3)is closest in meaning to

divided

vanished

of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence(Paragraph 3) inthe passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leaveout essential

stone wares and porcelains arefound throughout most historical periods, religious sculpture is limited to theancient

sculpture was created in mostperiods, but its history is less clear than that of stone wares or porcelainsbecause some old forms continued to be used even when new ones were

stone wares and porcelains changedthroughout history, religious sculpture remained uniform in form and

historical development of religioussculpture is relatively unclear because religious sculptures sometimes resembleearthenware architectural

3 supports all of the followingconcerning the history of the ceramic industry in China EXCEPT:

earliest high-fired ceramics were ofpoor

Ceramics produced during the Tang andMing dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple

Earthenware ceramics were produced in Chinabefore stone wares

Song dynasty period was notable forthe production of high quality porcelain

word “instigate” in thepassage(Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to

narrowed

to paragraph 4, one consequenceof the trade of Chinese ceramics was

the transfer of a distinctive bluepigment from China to the Middle East

immediate change from earthenwareproduction to porcelain production in European countries

production of wares made for theEuropean market

decreased number of porcelain vesselsavailable on the European market

word “whereas” in thepassage(Paragraph 5)is closest in meaning to

while

previously

paragraph 5, the author compares thedesigns on Chinese pots to those on Greek pots in order to

that while Chinese pots weredecorative, Greek pots were functional

that the designs on Chinese potshad specific meanings and were not just decorative

that twentieth-century scholars arebetter able to understand these designs than were ancient scholars

how scholars have identified themeaning of specific images on Chinese pots

of the following is mentioned inparagraph 5 as being symbolically represented on Chinese ceramics?

rulers

love of homeland

loyally to friends

success in trade

5 suggests which of thefollowing about the decorations on Chinese pottery?

had more importance for aristocratsthan for ordinary

significance may have remainedclear had the Chinese not come under foreign

contain some of the same images thatappear on Greek pots

significance is now as clear totwentieth century observers as it was to the early

word “these” in the passage(Paragraph6)refers to

ceremonies

descriptions

of ware

Look at the four squares [■]thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the Wherecould the sentence best fit? Foreign trade was also responsible for certaininnovations in

Trade between the West and the settled andprosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab ■【A】So admiredwere these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made inimitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of ■【B】From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment—a purifiedform of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China—thatcontained only a low level of Cobalt ores found in China have a highmanganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray ■【C】In theseventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Companyresulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought toEurope, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares,notably ■【D】The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from theWest, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorativepatterns especially for the European

Directions: An introductory sentencefor a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the Thisquestion is worth 2

Ceramics have been produced in China for avery long

Chinese produced earthenware,stoneware, and porcelain pottery and they used their ceramics for a variety ofutilitarian, architectural, and ceremonial

The shape and decoration of ceramicsproduced for religious use in China were influenced by Chinese ceramicsproduced for

a result of trade relations, Chineseceramic production changed and Chinese influenced the ceramics production ofother

Chinese burial ceramics have the longestand most varied history of production and were frequently decorated withwritten texts that help scholars date

China had contact with the West,the meaning of various designs used to decorate Chinese ceramics was

made in imperial factories wereused in both religious and non-religious

托福答案第15篇

阅读经典加试 7Title: Modification of weather

概述：modification of weather 多年来人们一直努力改变天气。最初是发现一战期间，降雨增多(可能与武器使用有关)，美国农业部开始试验。后来 1946 年，有个员工发现干冰能让 supercooled water become snow 文章给 supercool 下了定义就是低于零度但是还没有结冰。于是人们开始用 dry ice和 silver iodide来进行人工降雨。其原理就是 dry ice makes the moisture freeze into ice particles and the surrounding moisture freeze around 也就是为降雨提供了凝结核。后来文章说有人担心这样下去会使地面水体的含银量增高，但是调查并没有显示这个说法。这种 cloud seeding 办法继续发展，用别的物质替代干冰。但是很多人 concern这种办法，会对 local 的环境带来影响，但是并无定论。

托福答案第16篇

很多考生在准备托福考试的时候，总会发现部分托福考试中的句子远远超出了自己的能力范围。对于这些长难句，当然要从语法的角度去完全把握。但是如果是在考试中遇到不能理解的句子时，考生就偏向于一遍一遍的去读句子，没读懂不说，还浪费了时间，影响了下面的答题。

其实长难句在考试中最直接的运用就是考察插入句子题和解释句子题。对于这样的题目，我们在不能读懂句子的情况下，能够把握的就是句子的内在关系，即逻辑。逻辑在解释句子题中的运用尤为重要，以前有学生反映，在考试中其实句子根本就不能读懂，而利用逻辑就能迅速排除选项，从而找到正确的答案。所以说，逻辑是我们托福阅读中的隐形解题帮手，考生们一定要尤为关注。

下面是托福阅读中经常出现的四大逻辑关系，把握了它们就等于掌握了托福阅读解题技巧的一个重要部分。

因果关系

因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with

果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly

因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。

隐性因果：

A 导致(因-果)：cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for

如The increased pressures of expanding populations have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and towns are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees and shrubs。

在这段话中，有lead to, 表示了导致的意思，即结果; 而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。

B 由…而来(果-因)：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, be responsive to, be attributable to

如 “The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process。”

在这段话中，根据result from可以推断出有因果关系，那如果是解释句子题时，选项中有因果关系就可以优先考虑。

C 反映，体现(果-因)：
reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, show

This result demonstrates that…

D 考虑到：
given, considering, in view of, thanks to, according to

He succeeded thanks to (in view of) his effort。

E 依赖于：
rely on, depend on, resort to,

He resorted to books when he had problems。

F 条件关系：when, once, as soon as, as long as

As soon as he got the money, he would leave the country at once。

G 分词短语，不定式做状语

Failing in the final exam, she cried。

对比转折关系

A 对比：while, whereas, on the other hand

在解释句子题，插入句子题中，一旦出现对比关系，学生在掌握的基础上就能非常快速的判定句间和句内的关系。While, whereas 前后连接的是平行结构，on the other hand前必定有on one hand, 可以用来把握句间关系。

B 转折：but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, however

转折是托福阅读的一个经典考点之一，掌握这些转折词对考试非常有帮助。

比较关系

A 同级比较 as…as

B 比较级：more…than, -er than, less…than

C 变化：change, alter, vary, modify, revise, increase, decrease, enhance, diminish, develop, progress, advance, improve, retreat, degenerate, continue, remain

D 差异：different, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable, compare…to

E 超越：surpass, exceed, excel, over

F 最高级

1)本身有最高级含义：maximum, minimum, peak, outstanding, top

2) 本身程度比较深：amazing, surprising, astonishing, prohibitively high

3) 否定+比较=最高级

No one is more outstanding than him。

从这句话中可以看出，否定加比较表示的是一种最高级关系。

否定关系

显性否定：no, not, never, nor, none neither

隐形否定：fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of

否定前缀：a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non- , un-

否定前缀是词汇题中经常出的一个考点，把握否定前缀可以帮助考生把握一些生词，依靠否定前缀对选项进行一个排除。

双重否定;not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon, not unavailable

双重否定是英文中经常运用的表达方式，由于在平时中文对话中用的很少，随意对双重否定的把握就显得特别的重要。

托福答案第17篇

【1】Young children are trustingof commercial advertisements in the media, and advertisers have sometimes beenaccused of taking advantage of this trusting The IndependentTelevision Commission, regulator of television advertising in the United Kingdom,has criticized advertisers for "misleadingness"—creating a wrongimpression either intentionally or unintentionally—in an effort to controladvertisers" use of techniques that make it difficult for children to judge thetrue size, action, performance, or construction of a

【2】General concern aboutmisleading tactics that advertisers employ is centered on the use Consumer protection groups and parents believe that children arelargely ill-equipped to recognize such techniques and that often exaggerationis used at the expense of product Claims such as "thebest" or "better than" can be subjective and misleading; evenadults may be unsure as to their They represent the advertiser"sopinions about the qualities of their products or brand and, as a consequence,are difficult to Advertisers sometimes offset or counterbalance anexaggerated claim with a disclaimer—a qualification or condition on the example, the claim that breakfast cereal has a health benefit may beaccompanied by the disclaimer "when part of a nutritionally " However, research has shown that children often havedifficulty understanding disclaimers: children may interpret the phrase"when part of a nutritionally balanced breakfast" to mean that thecereal is required as a necessary part of a balanced The authorGeorge Comstock suggested that less than a quarter of children between the agesof six and eight years old understood standard disclaimers used in many toyadvertisements and that disclaimers are more readily comprehended whenpresented in both audio and visual Nevertheless, disclaimers aremainly presented in audio format

【3】Fantasy is one of the morecommon techniques in advertising that could possibly mislead a young advertisements are more likely to include magic and fantasy thanadvertisements aimed at In a content analysis of Canadian television,the author Stephen Kline observed that nearly all commercials for charactertoys featured fantasy Children have strong imaginations and the use offantasy brings their ideas to life, but children may not be adept enough torealize that what they are viewing is Fantasy situations and settingsare frequently used to attract children"s attention, particularly in Advertisements for breakfast cereals have, for many years, beenfound to be especially fond of fantasy techniques, with almost nine out of ten includingsuch Generally, there is uncertainty as to whether very young childrencan distinguish between fantasy and reality in Certainly, rationalappeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most advertisementsuse emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or

【4】The use of celebrities suchas singers and movie stars is common in The intention is for thepositively perceived attributes of the celebrity to be transferred to the advertisedproduct and for the two to become automatically linked in the audience"s children"s advertising, the "celebrities" are often animatedfigures from popular In the recent past, the role of celebrities inadvertising to children has often been conflated with the concept of Host selling involves blending advertisements with regular programmingin a way that makes it difficult todistinguish one from the Host selling occurs, for example, when achildren"s show about a cartoon lion contains an ad in which the same lionpromotes a breakfast The psychologist Dale Kunkel showed that thepractice of host selling reduced children"s ability to distinguish betweenadvertising and program It was also found that older childrenresponded more positively to products in host selling

【5】Regarding the appearance ofcelebrities in advertisements that do not involve host selling, the evidence Researcher Charles Atkin found that children believe that the charactersused to advertise breakfast cereals are knowledgeable about cereals, andchildren accept such characters as credible sources of nutritional finding was even more marked for heavy viewers of In addition,children feel validated in their choice of a product when a celebrity endorsesthat A study of children in Hong Kong, however, found that thepresence of celebrities in advertisements could negatively affect thechildren"s perceptions of a product if the children did not like the celebrityin

托福答案第18篇

Role of Play in Development

Play is easier to define with examples than with In any case, in animals it consists of leaping, running, climbing, throwing, wrestling, and other movements, either along, with objects, or with other Depending on the species, play may be primarily for social interaction, exercise, or One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play is that it involves the same behaviors that take place in other circumstance--dominance, predation, competition, and real Thus, whether play occurs or not depends on the intention of the animals, and the intentions are not always clear from behaviors

Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and Play has been studied most extensively in primates and canids (dogs). Exactly why animals play is still a matter debated in the research literature, and the reasons may not be the same for every species that Determining the functions of play is difficult because the functions may be long-term, with beneficial effects not showing up until the animal"s

Play is not without considerable costs to the individual Play is usually very active, involving movement in space and, at times, Therefore, it results in the loss of fuel or energy that might better be used for growth or for building up fat stores in a young Another potential cost of this activity is greater exposure to predators since play is attention-getting Great activities also increase the risk of injury in slipping or

The benefits of play must outweigh costs, or play would not have evolved, according to Darwin" s Some of the potential benefits relate directly to the healthy development of the brain and nervous In one research study, two groups of young rats were raised under different One group developed in an "enriched" environment, which allowed the rats to interact with other rats, play with toys, and receive maze The other group lived in an "impoverished" environment in individual cages in a dimly lit room with little At the end of the experiments, the results showed that the actual weight of the brains of the impoverished rats was less than that of those raised in the enriched environment (though they were fed the same diets). Other studies have shown that greater stimulation not only affects the size of the brain but also increase the number of connections between the nerve Thus, active play may provide necessary stimulation to the growth of synaptic connections in the brain, especially the cerebellum, which is responsible for motor functioning and

Play also stimulates the development of the muscle tissues themselves and may provide the opportunities to practice those movements needed for Prey species, like young deer or goats, for example, typically play by performing sudden flight movements and turns, whereas predator species, such as cats, practice stalking, pouncing, and

Play allows a young animal to explore its environment and practice skill in comparative safety since the surrounding adults generally do not expect the young to deal with threats or Play can also provide practice in social behaviors needed for courtship and Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social They need to learn how to be dominant and submissive because each monkey might have to play either role in the Most of these things are learned in the long developmental periods that primates have, during which they engage in countless play experiences with their

There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play by others, potentially leading to This is especially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predator Thus, many species have evolved clear signals to delineate Dogs, for example, will wag their tails, get down their front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate "what follows is just for "

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Paragraph 1: Play is easier to define with examples than with In any case, in animals it consists of leaping, running, climbing, throwing, wrestling, and other movements, either along, with objects, or with other Depending on the species, play may be primarily for social interaction, exercise, or One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play is that it involves the same behaviors that take place in other circumstance--dominance, predation, competition, and real Thus, whether play occurs or not depends on the intention of the animals, and the intentions are not always clear from behaviors

to paragraph 1, why is play difficult to define?

O Play must be defined with concepts, not

O Play behavior often looks like nonplay behavior

O Play often occurs in the presence of animals that are not playing

O Play occurs independently of an animal’s intentions

Paragraph 2: Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and Play has been studied most extensively in primates and canids (dogs). Exactly why animals play is still a matter debated in the research literature, and the reasons may not be the same for every species that Determining the functions of play is difficult because the functions may be long-term, with beneficial effects not showing up until the animal"s

to paragraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge to researchers who study play behavior in animals

O The delay between activities and the benefits the animal derives from

O The difficulty in determining which animal species play and which do

O The fact that for most animals, there is no clear transition from youth to full

O The lack of research on the play behavior of animals other than canids and

Paragraph 3: Play is not without considerable costs to the individual Play is usually very active, involving movement in space and, at times, Therefore, it results in the loss of fuel or energy that might better be used for growth or for building up fat stores in a young Another potential cost of this activity is greater exposure to predators since play is attention-getting Great activities also increase the risk of injury in slipping or

word “considerable” in the passage is closest in the meaning to

O Initial

O Practical

O Eventually

O Significant

to paragraph 3, each of the following is a cost to animals that engage in play EXCEPT

O exposure to predators

O a buildup of fat stores

O a loss of fuel that could be used for growth

O risk of injury from slipping or falling

Paragraph 4: The benefits of play must outweigh costs, or play would not have evolved, according to Darwin" s Some of the potential benefits relate directly to the healthy development of the brain and nervous In one research study, two groups of young rats were raised under different One group developed in an "enriched" environment, which allowed the rats to interact with other rats, play with toys, and receive maze The other group lived in an "impoverished" environment in individual cages in a dimly lit room with little At the end of the experiments, the results showed that the actual weight of the brains of the impoverished rats was less than that of those raised in the enriched environment (though they were fed the same diets). Other studies have shown that greater stimulation not only affects the size of the brain but also increase the number of connections between the nerve Thus, active play may provide necessary stimulation to the growth of synaptic connections in the brain, especially the cerebellum, which is responsible for motor functioning and

does the author include the comment “though they were fed the same diets”?

O To show why rats living in impoverished environments need less food than those living in enriched environments

O To eliminate the possibility that differences in diet were responsibly for observed differences in brain weight

O To emphasize the point that rats were fed only the amount of food needed to keep them alive

O To suggest that rats fed the same diet have smaller brains than those fed a varied food

4 supports which of the following statements about an animal’s

O The heavier the brain, the richer the environment in which the animal was

O The younger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve

O The larger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve

O The larger the animal’s cerebellum, the larger will be the animal’s nerve

Paragraph 5: Play also stimulates the development of the muscle tissues themselves and may provide the opportunities to practice those movements needed for Prey species, like young deer or goats, for example, typically play by performing sudden flight movements and turns, whereas predator species, such as cats, practice stalking, pouncing, and

to paragraph 5, why might play behavior of prey species be different from those of predator species?

O Unlike predator species, prey species use play to prevent inappropriate social behaviors, such as

O Some prey species are physically incapable of certain types of predator

O The survival of each species type is linked to particular sets of muscular

O Predator species have more opportunities to practice play behaviors than prey

Paragraph 6: Play allows a young animal to explore its environment and practice skill in comparative safety since the surrounding adults generally do not expect the young to deal with threats or Play can also provide practice in social behaviors needed for courtship and Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social They need to learn how to be dominant and submissive because each monkey might have to play either role in the Most of these things are learned in the long developmental periods that primates have, during which they engage in countless play experiences with their

word “comparative” in the passage is closest in meaning to

O relative

O temporary

O sufficient

O complete

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential

O Only monkeys that have learned to control their selfish and aggressive behaviors can be involved in social

O Selfish and aggressive animals like monkeys live in groups in order to practice appropriate social

O Monkeys and other social animals need to learn behaviors appropriate for their social

O Some monkeys are naturally too selfish and aggressive to understand the give-and-take of social groups, so they learn such important behaviors while

What can be inferred from paragraph 6 about the role of adults in play activities of the young?

O Adults help their young learn to become dominant within the social

O Young animals learn how to play from the adults within their social

O Adults allow the young to engage in play behaviors within a protected, sage

O The long developmental period of some animals allows adults more time to teach their young how to deal with the threats of

Paragraph 7: There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play by others, potentially leading to ■This is especially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predator ■Thus, many species have evolved clear signals to delineate ■Dogs, for example, will wag their tails, get down their front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate "what follows is just for " ■

The word “potentially” in the passage is closest in meaning to

O undoubtedly

O possibly

O unfortunately

O quickly

According to paragraph 7, how do some animals ensure that other animals understand that they are just playing?

O By playing only with animals who are not predator

O By avoiding any aspects of the play behavior that are dangerous

O By practicing nonaggressive and non-predatory behaviors

O By using a set of signals that occurs only in play

Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the

With messages such as those, even dogs that are strangers to each other can be playing within a few

Where would the sentence best fit?

an introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided Complete the summary be selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the This question is worth 2

Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and

Answer Choices

O Although play often resembles aggression, flight, or other purposeful activities, researchers do not degree on the reasons for and functions of play

O Although many animals develop physically from play, too many young animals become victims of their natural predators while

O Animals such as rats, dogs, deer, goats and monkeys learn how to be both dominant and submissive during play activities so that they will fit in better with their adult social

O The function of play is still debated in the research literature primarily because each animal species uses so few of the many available types of play

O Energy expenditure and security risks are some of the costs to animals of play behavior, but the costs are not so great that they outweigh the long-term benefits of play to the

O As experiments and observations have shown, animals that play at some stages of their development obtain neurological, muscular, or social benefits from the play

托福答案第19篇

状态，地位，所以B的importance重要性，地位正确。原句说瓷器的作用和什么因朝代而不同，而且之后有解释可能是实用的，用于埋葬的，或者blabla，所以importance能对上。origin起源不可能因为朝代而变化;quality后面有，不应该重复;design与后文的例子对不上

问题中的关键词不能用，所以排除法最好。A的dynasty todynasty做关键词定位至第一句，说反，错;B的trade objects和ritual objects做关键词定位至第一句，原文没有比较，错;C的quality做关键词定位至第一句，说根据它们质量决定用来干嘛，所以质量是有变化的，C错;D的religious和earthenware做关键词定位至最后一句，正确

进化，演化，所以C的develop正确。原文说七到十世纪的白瓷怎么样成了宋代的很好的瓷，无论从时间上还是后面说的highly prized都证明后面的比前面的好，所以应该是变好的意思，A分开B延伸D消失都没有变好之意

原文的主要关系是因果，因果的结果部分包含了一个转折，所以从结构上说只有B和D可能正确。B正确，D错在原文说stoneware和porcelain比religious sculpture清楚，但没说religious sculpture不清楚，错

题，排除法。A的high-firedceramics做关键词定位至第二句，原文说good quality, 备选项说poor，反了，错，选;B的Tang and Ming Dynasty做关键词定位至最后一句，正确，不选;C的earthenware和stoneware做关键词定位至第一句，原文说最早的是earthenware，所以比stoneware早，所以C正确，不选;D的Song dynasty做关键词定位至第三句，正确，不选

教唆，鼓动，煽动，所以cause引起正确，注意不要被investigate迷惑。原句说那些陶器非常惹人喜爱，促进了earthenware的发展，也instigate了制陶方法的研究，instigate与原文的encourage并列，所以应该是鼓励之意。A提升改善B调查C变窄均不正确

以trade of Chineseceramics做关键词定位至倒数第二句，问结果，所以应该关注result in之后的内容，说大量的Chinese porcelain到了欧洲，影响了一系列ware，接着又说会专门为欧洲市场做一些ware，所以C正确;注意B尽管说到了change，但immediate是原文没说的;A没说;D说反了，应该是增加

注意句子中的seem和in fact，seem叫做看上去，也就是事实很可能不是这样，后面的in fact叫做事实上，也就是说前面说的很可能不是事实，两者呼应，都说明两句话之间的关系是转折，所以while正确

先看本句，现代人认为希腊的pots上的design只是装饰，没有实际意义，但事实上是有意义的，中国的pots也这样，所以B正确。A错，不是pots decorative，而是design;C说反，D没说方式，所以how错

问下面哪个是design的替代意义，倒数第二句整个都在说pots上design的意义，提到了emperor和empress，皇帝和皇后，所以A的Chinese rulers正确，统治者;其他都没说

问题中关键词不明显，排除法。A的ordinarycitizens和aristocrat原文没说;B的foreign influence做关键词定位至最后一句的European，说直到引入欧洲theme之后中国原有的装饰的意思才被obscure，对应B，没有foreign influence那些意思不会改变，正确;C没说;D反了，应该是ancient更熟悉

往前找，找主语。注意从句子一开始到exist之前都是句子的主语，但of之前的东西是整个句子的核心，所以答案是description，对于什么什么的描述，描述才是核心，不是types of ware

两个过渡点，名词foreign trade和coloring。foreigntrade对应原文第四句的from Middle East Chinese acquired blabla和倒数第二句的tradingactivities，所以B/C/D都有可能;coloring证明B或者C正确。按照正常逻辑，应该先总括，说外贸也使染色技术发生变化，接着再说怎么变的，所以B正确，C错误

Chinese选项对应第二段第二句，正确

The shape选项原文没说，不选

As选项对应原文第四段第一句，正确

Chinese选项原文没说，不选

Before选项对应原文第五段最后一句，正确

Ceramics选项MS对应原文最后一段，但最后一段没说imperial陶瓷是用于both情况的，也不选

托福答案第20篇

The smooth operation of an ant colony depends on ten to twenty different signals, most of which are pheromones (chemical signals triggering behavioral responses). It is estimated that red fire ants employ at least twelve different chemical The simplest of these is the carbon dioxide from the respiration of an ant cluster, a chemical that acts as a pheromone to promote Workers move toward a source of carbon dioxide, resulting in solitary ants moving to join a At the other extreme, the most complex of the fire ants" signals is probably colony odor, by which the workers of a particular colony or nest identify another worker as local or Each ant nest has its own odor as a result of its location, history, and local food The resident ants pick up this odor on their bodies, so that ants of the same species, but from different nests, have different colony This allows ants to identify intruders and maintain colony

Fire ants also make use of an alarm pheromone to alert workers to an emergency, and their scouts lay down a trail pheromone as a guide during mass A fire ant queen emits a chemical signal that identifies her to the colony"s They respond by scurrying to gather around The decomposing corpse of a dead ant also generates a signal, to which workers respond by eliminating the corpse from the

Ants provide examples of both public (accessible to other species) and private One of their most important private messages concerns food, for a food source is worth keeping Each species marks its trails with signals that are meaningless to others, so that an ant crossing a trail left by another ant species typically notices On the other hand, a secret signal to mark a dead body is Many kinds of ants perceive a natural decomposition product of dead insects as a signal to remove a If an outsider recognizes this message and moves the body, no harm is

What aspect of ants does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The relationship between the queen and the worker ants

(B) Ways in which ants use chemical signals

(D) The importance of respiration in the production of ant pheromones

The phrase smooth operation in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) daily activity

(B) effective functioning

(D) permanent location

According to the passage , carbon dioxide serves which of the following functions for fire ants?

(A) It protects the

(B) It attracts other ant

(D) It encourages the ants to gather

The word cluster in line 4 is closest in meaning to

(A) organ

(B) activity

(D) cycle

According to the passage , each nest has a distinct odor that allows its inhabitants to

(A) find the location of the nest in the dark

(B) distinguish worker ants from other ants

(D) signal other inhabitants when foreign ants attack

The word alert in line 13 is closest in meaning to

(A) allow

(B) transport

(D) provide

What is the role of pheromones in the mass migrations of ants?

(A) Pheromones are used to create a trail that directs the ants during

(B) Pheromones signal the ants that the nest has been invaded and must be

(D) Pheromones enable scouts to identify suitable areas for establishing a new

The word scurrying in line 16 is closest in meaning to

(A) agreeing

(B) appearing

(D) rushing

The word others in line 21 refers to

(A) private messages

(B) species

(D) signals

Why does the author mention dead insects in line 23?

(A) To compare the social behaviors of ants with those of other insects

(B) To emphasize the dangers that all insects encounter

(D) To indicate a behavior that is common among various kinds of ants

Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?

(A) pheromones (line 2)

(B) colony integrity (lines 12)

(D) private messages (lines 18-19)

PASSAGE 86 BBDCC CADBD A

托福答案第21篇

Good news, lovebirds! If you"re planning to celebrate with your Valentine in the coming weeks, get ready to toast to your

情侣们，好消息来啦!如果已经计划和另一半共度即将到来的情人节，这要是提升健康的好机会哦。

Earlier this week, a researcher at the Medical University of Vienna spread some good news in honor of National Hug He pointed out that hugging someone you care about can ease stress and anxiety, lower blood pressure and even boost

本周初，维也纳医药大学的研究者为纪念全国拥抱日公布了这个好消息，研究指出拥抱你关心的人能减轻压力和焦虑，降低血压甚至提高记忆力。

While the association between hugging and your health isn"t new, it"s especially relevant this time of year -- with Valentine"s Day on the horizon and many couples hurrying to cuddle away the frigid temperatures sweeping across much of the

拥抱和健康之间的联系早已不是什么新闻了，尤其到了每年这个时候——情人节在即，全国范围内的众多情侣们也会急于用拥抱来温暖这个冬天。

Experts believe it all comes back to the hormone A simple embrace seems to increase levels of the "love hormone," which has been linked to social

专家们认为这全是荷尔蒙催产素的功劳。简单的拥抱能提升这种被称为“爱的荷尔蒙”的指数，此荷尔蒙与社交也密切相关。

That oxytocin boost seems to have a greater calming effect on women than men, the BBC In one study, the stress-reducing effects of a brief hug in the morning carried throughout a tough work day, USA Today

BBC报道称，催产素的增加似乎对女性更有镇静的效果。今日美国报道称一项研究显示清晨的一个简单拥抱能起到持续一天减压的效果。

Perhaps the best news of all is that hugging isn"t the only way getting close to your Valentine can boost your A few others also have big benefits:

当然，拥抱并不是情人节时提高健康的唯一办法，下面这些同样也有大好处哦：

Cuddling

搂抱

Call it an extended hug -- cuddling also releases stress-easing oxytocin, which can reduce blood pressure and bond you with your But you may not have guessed that a little cuddle time can help you and your partner communicate "Non-verbal communication can be a very powerful way to say to your partner, "I get you,"" marriage and family therapist David Klow told Shape "Cuddling is a way of saying, "I know how you " It allows us to feel known by our partner in ways that words can"t "

这是拥抱的加长版，同样能释放降压的催产素，能降低血压同时让你俩更亲密。你绝对想不到稍稍拥抱一会还能促进你俩之间的交流吧。婚姻与家庭临床专家David Kolw对Shape杂志表示：非言语交流也是告诉另一半“我拥有你”的最有力的方式。拥抱也是交流的一种方式，“我能理解你的感受”，这让我们能感受到另一半身上某些无法用言语表达的东西。

Talking

交谈

Speaking of communication -- even just spending time together without touching can put you at ease and lower blood pressure, compared to spending time with someone less significant, according to the Not to mention that making the effort to communicate openly can only strengthen your

说到交流，根据BBC的报道，相较于和那些不是很重要的人在一起而言，和伴侣在一起也能让你感到平静，即使不相互触摸也能降低血压，而畅所欲言的交谈更是可以期待加强感情的效果。

Kissing

亲吻

Of course, kissing has also been shown to affect oxytocin and cortisol levels, and, just like hugging and cuddling, can reduce But one of the more surprising pros of puckering up is a cleaner The increase in saliva production that comes along with a smooch can wash bacteria off teeth and help fight plaque

和拥抱、搂抱一样，亲吻当然也能对催产素和皮质醇指数起到影响，能减轻压力。但最重要的优点之一还在于能清洁口腔。唾液分泌的增加能清扫牙齿表面的细菌，帮助血小板的形成。

Sex

滚床单

In addition to relaxing you and burning some calories, some time between the sheets can help you fight off As long as your partner isn"t already sick, a couple of sexy escapades a week can boost a particular antibody that fights off colds, according to a 1999 Sex may also promote better sleep, thanks to both the relaxing effects of that oxytocin and an increase in a hormone called prolactin, which is normally higher during sleep, according to Women"s

除去放松和燃烧脂肪，不时的滚滚床单还能帮你对抗细菌哦。1999年的研究显示，只要你的伴侣没有生病，一周几次的滚床单能提高一种特定抵抗感冒的抗体。根据《女性健康》杂志的报道，由于催产素的放松效果，以及催乳激素(睡眠时一种指数较高的激素)的增加，滚床单还能提高睡眠质量。

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